Different pharmaceutical technologies and drug delivery systems including nanocarriers, micelles, cyclodextrins and lipid-based carriers have been explored to enhance oral drug absorption. Attempts to overcome these factors have focused on understanding the physicochemical, biochemical, metabolic and biological barriers which limit the overall drug bioavailability.

Various factors govern oral drug absorption including drug solubility, mucosal permeability, and stability in the gastrointestinal tract environment. It is the most preferred route, due to its advantages, such as non-invasiveness, patient compliance and convenience of drug administration. The oral route is the most common route for drug administration. 3Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.2Nanobiotechnology Unit, Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.1Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.Alqahtani 1,2*, Mohsin Kazi 1, Mohammad A.

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